We published a commentary article in Biological Psychiatry, highlighting the potential of neuroimaging normative modeling for understanding the heterogeneity of depression and discussing important directions for future research. This commentary was written in response to the article “Biologically annotated heterogeneity of depression through neuroimaging normative modeling” by Li et al. In this work, we emphasized that depression should not be viewed as a unitary disorder, but rather as a condition with substantial inter-individual variation in brain structure and function. By focusing on individualized deviations from normative brain patterns, the article outlines a promising framework for capturing this heterogeneity more precisely. We further highlighted that clinically meaningful convergence may be better understood at the level of large-scale circuits and distributed brain networks rather than isolated regions, and that future progress will benefit from more network-informed and longitudinal research. The commentary also discusses how integrating subtype discovery, circuit-based models, and multiscale biological annotation may advance mechanistic understanding and support the development of precision psychiatry. Check here for more information: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.01.012